2.
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语
2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...
3) the information used是名词+定语
4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information
第三、词的处理：
be validated by 为……所证实
depends upon 取决于
reliability 可靠性
appropriateness 适应性
interpreted 解释
3.
Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
中 be subject to 是“有。。。的倾向”
4.注意so的用法（下面有详细的解释）
The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.
5.
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处理：
Whether to..., or 是……还是……
both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
therefore 因此
the evidence from experience 经验依据
concerning 与……有关的
comparative validity 相对效度
such factors as... 诸如……等因素
6.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when...
2)连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。
3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二个从句的主语。
第三、词的处理：
In general 一般的说
work most effectively 最为有效
be most precisely defined 很精确界定
measured 测定
7.
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...
2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able
3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up...
第三、词的处理：
they 指示代词，测试
compensate for 弥补
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公
and thus 因此
tell 说明
underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
